Low-code and modular programming environments are transforming PLC programming, with vendors providing pre-packaged libraries and objects that eliminate traditional IEC-61131-3 style coding, allowing ...

Abstract: For electrified transportation applications, the winding insulation of an electric machine (EM) is often thermally aged by variable temperature profiles (TPs). Considering the ...

It happens each year when the weather turns cold: The coats, hats, sweaters and blankets come out. The lights come on earlier. And the arguments over how high or low to set the thermostat begin. But ...

Abstract: An essential component of the activated sludge method for wastewater treatment is the stable control of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. However, the actuator failure and unavoidable ...