Layers 7 through 4 are geared more to the application than the lower layers, which are designed to move packets from one place to another no matter what they contain. Layer 5 provides coordination.

The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) seven-layer reference model is a framework for data communications. As seen in previous chapters, security can be breached by exploiting the flaws and weaknesses of ...

OSI has long set the industry standard for what constitutes open-source software, but AI systems include elements that aren’t covered by conventional licenses, like model training data. Now, for an AI ...